The oldest fermented milk drink is mare's milk, which is prepared from fermented mare's milk. Kumis considered the national drink of Turkic peoples. Apparently, this circumstance prevented at the time of its dissemination among the population, as religious prejudices were not allowed to borrow something.
Based on historical sources suggest that it was the Scythians first began to use the mare and gave information about him other nomadic peoples. In the chronicles of Kievan Rus mare called "milky wine, kumuzom, black or with milk.
VI Dahl wrote about the mare: "It cools, soothes both hunger and thirst, gives a special cheer, never overcrowded and without burdening the stomach. In the mare in a week you feel cheerful, healthy, easy breathing, a person acquires a good color. "
The first detailed description of the manufacture kumys, his taste and influence on the human body is found in the Frenchman William Rubrikasa, traveled in 1253 on the East. In his notes Rubrikas emphasized intoxicating and diuretic effect of the drink.
There is mention of the mare and the Italian traveler Marco Polo (1254-1323), who called his favorite drink Tatars and compared with white wine, noting its unique taste.
The great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, working on the poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus" has made the record: "Kumis made from fermented mare's milk, this drink in a big hand between all mountain and nomadic peoples of Asia. He is quite pleasant taste and is revered very healthy. "
Kumis - a carbonated fizzy drink with a sour smell and taste. Get it from the pair of mare's milk (less camel and cow) by mixed fermentation - lactic acid and alcohol. Are produced the mare weak one-day, containing up to 1% alcohol, medium (two-day) - up to 1,75% alcohol, strong - (three-day) - up to 2,5% alcohol (for medicinal purposes was not used). The acidity of weak kumis of Turner is 60-80 °, average - 81-100 ° and strong - 101-120 °. Energy value - 41 kcal/100 g.
In the mare's milk a lot of albumin, which is in the fermentation occurs in the form of very small delicate flakes. Mare's milk proteins during the maturation kumis split into smaller peptones and albumozy.
Fat is composed of glycerol and fatty acids. It is rich in unsaturated acids - linolenic, arachidonic, oleic, etc.
Fat mare's milk is a fine mist, so it is better absorbed by the body than fat cow's milk.
Kumis contains all the water-soluble vitamins, including ascorbic, folic and pantothenic acid. Kumis made from cow's milk, to taste, nutrient content and physiological effect on the body is considerably inferior koumiss from mare's milk.
Kumis long been used in folk medicine as a remedy for diseases of the lungs and as a tonic - with severe chronic illnesses. It is recommended for cough, fever, joint diseases, scurvy, tuberculosis, anemia, digestive disorders.
One of the earliest sources mentioning medicinal properties kumys, is an account of the Scottish physician John Mane, who served in Russia's army, the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1784) His observations showed that the mare is particularly effective for different diseases and conditions involving loss of strength.
The first Russian source, containing information about the application of kumys for therapeutic purposes, was the description of S. Aksakov in "Family Chronicle" treat mother in Bashkortostan. By prescription Ufa doctors she was treated for TB mare's milk. Within three weeks the patient began to recover. Aksakov wrote: "Dr. Avenarius had every right to celebrate and to rejoice: he first to suggest a drink kumiss and control the course of treatment. Entries ST Aksakov (with her mother's words), suggests that the history of domestic kumysolecheniya does not begin with the work of foreign doctors, but with experience in organizing kumysolecheniya doctors Ufa second half of the XVIII century.
In first half XIX century. healing properties kumys widely used Russian doctors. Thus, P. Skvortsov in 1841, wrote: "... the nature and experience show us kumis precious to remedy.
The great Russian writers and poets of the last century appreciated property kumys. There is evidence that the mare's milk were treated Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov.
Largest domestic medical XIX century. SP Botkin, GA Zakhar'in, NV Sklifosovsky and many others were also hot side kumysolecheniya.
Russian doctors back then believed that this drink gives the muscle force, and soldiers attached to the courage and bravery. His so-called: "drink heroes", "drink vigor and longevity."
Effects kumys organism versatile. This drink has a pleasant taste, stimulates appetite, easily digestible, and improves digestion and assimilation of nutrients and stimulates the oxidation-reduction processes in the body, and erythropoiesis gemoglobinoobrazovanie, increases metabolism, provides antibiotic effect, especially on putrefactive bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The latter property is due to the accumulation of kumys it specific metabolic products of bacteria and yeast, formed during lactic and alcoholic fermentation. Due to the high nutritional and medicinal properties, it is used in the treatment of certain lung diseases (especially tuberculosis), as well as diseases of the cardiovascular system and digestive tract.
Effect kumys on the nervous system associated with the presence in it alcohol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide. After taking the drink a person first appears for some excitement, a sense of light intoxication that approximately 1-2 hours are replaced by sleepiness. Easy kumysnoe intoxication does not usually cause nausea, vomiting, etc. If there comes a dream, then after the patient wakes up feeling refreshed.
Due to the positive influence on the composition of blood, hematopoiesis, in particular the increase of red and white blood cells, mare's milk is recommended for anemia (anemia) of different genesis (origin). Very useful for iron deficiency anemia.
When you receive kumys increasing strain on the cardiovascular system. Thus kumysolecheniya immediately after pulse rate, blood pressure rises. Observations show that after the course kumysolecheniya pulse becomes more complete, increases stamina of the heart to dosed physical loads. However, serious diseases of the heart and blood vessels (decompensated malformations, a significant arterial hypertension, etc.), this drink is contraindicated.
Established that the mare has sokogonnoe effect on cancer of the digestive tract, and stronger than cow's or mare's milk. Indication for the number kumis 100-200 ml were gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) with low and normal acidity. Accepted the drink usually before meals or during meals. In some cases, it is useful and persons suffering from gastritis with high acidity. To reduce the production of gastric juice and reduce its acidity mare's milk to drink for 1,5-2 hours before the meal. Subject to appropriate diet and norms kumys it has a normalizing effect on the acidity.
Kumis improves motor function of the stomach, ie, contributes more timely receipt of its contents in the intestine. Available in mare's milk, lactic acid enhances the absorption of the components of food (proteins, fats, sugars).
In the Kazakh folk medicine mare's milk has long been successfully used for constipation and diarrhea: a weak mare has remittent effect, strong - was assigned.
Kumis is a good adjunct to the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in spa resorts. Especially effective combination therapy: acceptance kumys in combination with mineral water.
Successfully used in the treatment of mare pulmonary tuberculosis. He acts on all the lost functions of the organism.
Receiving kumys with the purpose of treatment to start with small doses. In the early days should drink no more than 0.5 liters per day.
If increasing the dose kumys considered appropriate, then it should be done gradually. The weaker condition of the patient, the more cautious should increase the dose kumys. Adding further to 0,2-0,5 liters per day or every other day, the number of kumys need to bring to maximize the benefits to the patient norms (within 2-3 liters per day).
The patient should drink mare's milk at a certain time when the stomach is not overloaded with food, not earlier than 1-1,5 hours after eating. Stop taking it is recommended for 1-1,5 hours before lunch or dinner. Drink drink pre-warmed to room temperature. Under the influence of carbon dioxide contained in the mare soon after his admission comes belching.
Each patient's treatment kumysolecheniya determined depending on the form of the disease. In the period of exacerbation of the pathological process must be cautious. It should appoint a mare sick with high fever.
Kumis beneficial effect on the body of the child. In its methodology kumysolechenie children aged 8-10 years is almost indistinguishable from kumysolecheniya adults.
It should be noted that kumysolechenie plays an important role in extending life. Therefore, the elderly, it can be usefully applied in all cases shown.
Tests kumys of cow's milk showed that this new product is a nice milky drink, and, although he concedes koumiss of mare's milk, still retains many of its medicinal and healing properties. Kumis of cow's milk and has a strong choleretic effect, increases the activity of gastric secretion and increases urine output. Kumis used in the treatment of patients with chronic pathology of bile-excreting system - angioholitami, cholecystitis, gapatoholetsistitami. Important role in the normalization desintoxication liver function and improvement of the brain is glutamic acid, whose contents in 1 liter of cow kumis reaches 7.6 g.
